Occupational protection effect of two protective devices for manual cleaning and oiling of dental handpieces on operators / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To explore the occupational protective effect of different protective devices on the operators during manual cleaning and oiling of dental handpieces, and to provide a basis for the selection of appropriate protective methods. Methods: From November 2020 to December 2021, 20 high-speed dental handpieces of the same brand were selected and randomly divided into disposable protective bag group and small aerosol safety cabinet group by drawing lots, with 10 in each group. After recording the model, they were distributed to the clinical fixed consulting room for use, and were collected by specially-assigned personnel every day for manual cleaning under the protection of the two devices. By measuring the number of airborne colonies, the concentrations of particulate matter and the satisfaction of operators, the occupational protection effect of the two protective devices on operators was evaluated. Results: Under the protection of the two devices, the average number of airborne colonies after operation was less than 1 CFU/ml. When no protective device was used, the number concentration of particulate matter produced during operation was (21595.70±8164.26) pieces/cm(3). The number concentrations of particles produced by disposable protective bag group [ (6800.24±515.05) pieces/cm(3)] and small aerosol safety cabinet group [ (5797.15±790.50) pieces/cm(3)] were significantly lower than those without any protective device (P<0.001). The number concentration of particle matter of small aerosol safety cabinet group was significantly lower than that of disposable protective bag group (P<0.001). In the satisfaction evaluation of operators, small aerosol safety cabinet group [ (3.53±0.82) points] was significantly better than disposable protective bag group [ (2.23±1.10) points] (P<0.001) . Conclusion: The use of small aerosol safety cabinet during manual cleaning and oiling of dental handpieces has good protective effect, superior safety performance and strong clinical applicability, and has advantages in occupational protection of clinical operators.

Avaliação da efetividade da esterilização por luz ultravioleta em aerossóis contaminados por Sars-Cov-2 / Evaluation of the effectiveness of ultraviolet light sterilization in aerosols contaminated by Sars-Cov-2 / Evaluación de la eficacia de la esterilización por luz ultravioleta en aerosoles contaminados por Sars-Cov-2

O contato direto e a disseminação aérea são os principais mecanismos de transmissão do SARS-CoV-2. Uma abordagem direta para limitar as transmissões virais no ar é inativá-las dentro de um curto período de tempo após sua produção é a luz ultravioleta C (UVC). Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi de avaliar a efetividade do uso de luz ultravioleta na esterilização de aerossóis contaminados pelo SARS-CoV-2. Para o estudo foram analisados todos os pacientes que estavam internados na enfermaria COVID com resultados dos swabs positivos. O paciente escolhido para o estudo encontrava-se com resultado positivo e com 8 dias de sintomas. As medições de contaminação da deposição de aerossol na mesa de tomografia foram realizadas em triplicatas, utilizando swabs estéreis com meio de transporte viral. O paciente foi mantido sozinho dentro desta sala por 30 minutos produzindo aerossóis para que pudesse ocorrer contaminação do ar. Após, foram realizadas as medições utilizando a exposição à luz ultravioleta C, coletada nos minutos 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 e 180, após o paciente ter deixado a sala de tomografia. Esta sequência de medições foi realizada por 6 dias, sendo o primeiro dia sem a exposição da luz UVC e 5 dias com a exposição da luz UVC. Após a coleta dos dados, foi realizada a análise dos swabs para os resultados através do método RT-PCR. Os resultados encontrados das coletas desde o tempo 0 até 180 minutos foram negativos para os 6 dias de estudo. Os resultados dos swabs do paciente seguiram positivos do primeiro até o último dia de estudo. Sendo assim, conclui-se a efetividade da utilização da luz ultravioleta como uma forma de descontaminação, juntamente com a ação antimicrobiana do desinfetante, pois a ausência do vírus vivo evidencia a importância de cuidados de higienização para evitar a reincidência da contaminação após a limpeza.

Direct contact and aerial dissemination are the main transmission mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. A direct approach to limiting airborne viral transmissions is to inactivate them within a short period of time after their production is ultraviolet C (UVC) light. In this sense, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using ultraviolet light in the sterilization of aerosols contaminated by SARS-CoV-2. For the study, all patients who were admitted to the COVID ward with positive swab results were analyzed. The patient chosen for the study had a positive result and had had 8 days of symptoms. Measurements of contamination from aerosol deposition on the CT table were performed in triplicate, using sterile swabs with viral transport medium. The patient was kept alone inside this room for 30 minutes, producing aerosols so that air contamination could occur. Afterwards, measurements were performed using exposure to ultraviolet C light, collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes, after the patient had left the tomography room. This sequence of measurements was carried out in 6 days, the first day being without exposure to UVC light and 5 days with exposure to UVC light. After data collection, swab analysis was performed for the results using the RT-PCR method. The results found for collections from time 0 to 180 minutes were negative for the 6 days of study. The patient's swab results were positive from the first to the last day of the study. Thus, the effectiveness of using ultraviolet light as a form of decontamination is concluded, along with the antimicrobial action of the disinfectant, as the absence of the live virus highlights the importance of hygiene care to prevent the recurrence of contamination after cleaning.

El contacto directo y el contagio por vía aérea son los principales mecanismos de transmisión del SRAS-CoV-2. Un enfoque directo para limitar las transmisiones virales en el aire es inactivarlas en un corto período de tiempo después de su producción es la luz ultravioleta C (UVC). En este sentido, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la eficacia del uso de la luz ultravioleta en la esterilización de aerosoles contaminados con el SARS-CoV-2. Se analizaron todos los pacientes ingresados en la sala COVID con resultados positivos de los hisopos. El paciente elegido para el estudio era positivo y llevaba 8 días con síntomas. Las mediciones de la contaminación por deposición de aerosoles en la mesa de TC se realizaron por triplicado utilizando hisopos estériles con medio de transporte viral. El paciente se mantuvo solo dentro de esta habitación durante 30 minutos produciendo aerosoles para que se produjera la contaminación del aire. A continuación, se realizaron mediciones mediante la exposición a la luz ultravioleta C, recogidas a los 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 y 180 minutos después de que el paciente saliera de la sala de tomografía. Esta secuencia de mediciones se realizó durante 6 días, el primer día sin exposición a la luz UVC y 5 días con exposición a la luz UVC. Tras la recogida de datos, se realizó el análisis de los hisopos para obtener los resultados mediante el método RT-PCR. Los resultados encontrados en las recolecciones desde el tiempo 0 hasta los 180 minutos fueron negativos para los 6 días de estudio. Los resultados de los hisopos de los pacientes siguieron siendo positivos desde el primer hasta el último día del estudio. Así, se concluye la eficacia del uso de la luz ultravioleta como forma de descontaminación, junto con la acción antimicrobiana del desinfectante, ya que la ausencia de virus vivos pone de manifiesto la importancia de los cuidados higiénicos para evitar la reaparición de la contaminación tras la limpieza.

Transmissão da COVID-19: um breve reexame das vias de transmissão por gotículas e aerossóis / Transmission of COVID-19: a brief review of droplet and aerosol transmission routes

O rápido desenrolar da pandemia de COVID-19 no ano de 2020 estimulou pesquisadores a rapidamente tentar entender o comportamento do vírus e da doença e a propor soluções de modo a tentar contê-la o quanto antes. Uma das questões fundamentais a serem respondidas é se o vírus também pode ser transmitido por aerossóis, posto que a forma de transmissão determina a velocidade e as condições em que a doença consegue se espalhar pela população. A busca por essa resposta reacendeu uma discussão de décadas sobre a relevância dessa via de transmissão, bem como sobre os diferentes conceitos e medidas de controle e prevenção atualmente usados para bloquear a transmissão de doenças infecciosas no âmbito da atenção à saúde humana. Este ensaio tem o objetivo de contribuir para esse debate e, mais especificamente, subsidiar programas para a proteção de trabalhadores e pacientes em serviços de saúde referentes à COVID-19 e a outras doenças infecciosas

The rapid advance of the COVID-19 pandemic in the year 2020 has spurred researchers to try to understand quickly the behavior of the virus and the disease, and to propose solutions in order to attempt containing it as soon as possible. One of the core questions to be answered is whether the virus can also be transmitted by aerosols, since the mode of transmission determines the speed and conditions under which the disease can spread through the population. The search for this answer has rekindled a decades-long discussion about the relevance of this transmission route, as well as the different concepts and control and prevention measures currently used to block the transmission of infectious diseases in human healthcare. This essay aims to contribute to this debate and, more specifically, to support programs for the protection of workers and patients in healthcare services regarding COVID-19 and other infectious diseases

Control of airborne particles in surgical procedures during the Covid-19 pandemic: scoping review / Control de partículas aéreas en los procedimientos quirúrgicos durante la pandemia de Covid-19: revisión de alcance / Controle de partículas aéreas nos procedimentos cirúrgicos durante a pandemia da Covid-19: revisão de escopo

ABSTRACT Objective: To map the technical and managerial strategies for the management and reduction of airborne particles production in surgical procedures settings during the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: Scoping review, according to the Joana Briggs Institute methodology, based on documents indexed in MEDLINE, VHL, CINAHL Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and gray literature, published in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. All studies from indexed scientific journals and recommendations published by international agencies or academic associations from 2019 to January 2022 were considered. Findings were summarized and analyzed using descriptive statistics and narrative synthesis. Results: Twenty-two studies were selected, 19 of which were published in English, two in Spanish, one in Portuguese, with a predominance of literature reviews. Findings were categorized into recommendations for the environment, the team, and the surgical technique. Conclusion: The review mapped the technical and managerial strategies for the management and reduction of the airborne particles production in surgical procedures settings. They involve from the use of personal protective equipment, training, anesthetic modality, airway manipulation, to the execution of the surgical technique.

RESUMEN Objetivo: mapeo de las estrategias técnicas y de gestión para el manejo y la reducción de la producción de partículas aéreas en ambientes de procedimientos quirúrgicos durante la pandemia de Covid-19. Método: revisión de alcance, de acuerdo con metodología JBI, con base en documentos indexados en las bases MEDLINE, BVS, CINAHL Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science y literatura gris, publicados en portugués, inglés o español. Se consideraron todos los estudios provenientes de periódicos científicos indexados y recomendaciones publicadas por órganos internacionales o asociaciones académicas, de 2019 a enero de 2022. Los hallazgos fueron sintetizados y analizados por estadística descriptiva y síntesis narrativa. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 22 estudios, siendo que 19 fueron publicados en inglés, dos en español, uno en portugués, con predominancia de revisiones de literatura. Los hallazgos fueron categorizados en recomendaciones para: el ambiente; el equipo y la técnica quirúrgica. Conclusión: la revisión mapeó las estrategias técnicas y de gestión para el manejo y la reducción de la producción de partículas aéreas en los ambientes de procedimientos quirúrgicos. Comprenden desde el uso de equipo de protección individual, entrenamientos, modalidad anestésica, manipulación de vías aéreas, incluso la ejecución de la técnica cirúrgica.

RESUMO Objetivo: Mapear as estratégias técnicas e gerenciais para o manejo e a redução da produção de partículas aéreas em ambientes de procedimentos cirúrgicos durante a pandemia da Covid-19. Método: Revisão de escopo, de acordo com metodologia do Joana Briggs Institute, a partir de documentos indexados nas bases MEDLINE, BVS, CINAHL Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science e literatura cinza, publicados em português, inglês ou espanhol. Foram considerados todos os estudos provenientes de periódicos científicos indexados e recomendações publicadas por órgãos internacionais ou associações acadêmicas, de 2019 a janeiro de 2022. Os achados foram sumarizados e analisados por estatística descritiva e síntese narrativa. Resultados: Foram selecionados 22 estudos, sendo 19 publicados em inglês, dois em espanhol, um em português, com predominância de revisões da literatura. Os achados foram categorizados em recomendações para o ambiente, a equipe e a técnica cirúrgica. Conclusão: a revisão mapeou as estratégias técnicas e gerenciais para o manejo e a redução da produção de partículas aéreas nos ambientes de procedimentos cirúrgicos. Envolvem desde o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual, treinamentos, modalidade anestésica, manipulação de vias aéreas, até a execução da técnica cirúrgica.

Survey of possible aerosol transmission of a COVID-19 epidemic caused by 2019-nCoV Delta variant / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and the transmission chain of a family clustering of COVID-19 cases caused by severe acute respiratory 2019-nCoV Delta variant in Changping district of Beijing. Methods: Epidemiological investigation was conducted and big data were used to reveal the exposure history of the cases. Close contacts were screened according to the investigation results, and human and environmental samples were collected for nucleic acid tests. Positive samples were analyzed by gene sequencing. Results: On November 1, 2021, a total of 5 COVID-19 cases caused by 2019-nCoV Delta variant were reported in a family detected through active screening. The infection source was a person in the same designated isolation hotel where the first case of the family cluster was isolated from 22 to 27, October. The first case was possibly infected through aerosol particles in the ventilation duct system of the isolation hotel. After the isolation discharge on October 27, and the first case caused secondary infections of four family members while living together from October 27 to November 1, 2021. Conclusion: 2019-nCoV Delta variant is prone to cause family cluster, and close attention needs to be paid to virus transmission through ventilation duct system in isolation hotels.

Pharmacodynamic Mechanism of Kuanxiong Aerosol for Vasodilation and Improvement of Myocardial Ischemia / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effect of Kuanxiong Aerosol (KXA) on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury in rat models.@*METHODS@#Totally 24 rats were radomly divided into control, ISO, KXA low-dose and high-dose groups according to the randomized block design method, and were administered by intragastric administration for 10 consecutive days, and on the 9th and 10th days, rats were injected with ISO for 2 consecutive days to construct an acute myocardial ischemia model to evaluate the improvement of myocardial ischemia by KXA. In addition, the diastolic effect of KXA on rat thoracic aorta and its regulation of ion channels were tested by in vitro vascular tension test. The influence of KXA on the expression of calcium-CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II)/extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) signaling pathway has also been tested.@*RESULTS@#KXA significantly reduced the ISO-induced increase in ST-segment, interventricular septal thickness, cardiac mass index and cardiac tissue pathological changes in rats. Moreover, the relaxation of isolated thoracic arterial rings that had been precontracted using norepinephrine (NE) or potassium chloride (KCl) was increased after KXA treatment in an endothelium-independent manner, and was attenuated by preincubation with verapamil, but not with tetraethylammonium chloride, 4-aminopyridine, glibenclamide, or barium chloride. KXA pretreatment attenuated vasoconstriction induced by CaCl2 in Ca2+-free solutions containing K+ or NE. In addition, KXA pretreatment inhibited accumulation of Ca2+ in A7r5 cells mediated by KCl and NE and significantly decreased p-CaMK II and p-ERK levels.@*CONCLUSION@#KXA may inhibit influx and release of calcium and activate the CaMK II/ERK signaling pathway to produce vasodilatory effects, thereby improving myocardial injury.

Metodología para evaluar el nivel de protección respiratoria de mascarillas y respiradores ante partículas similares a las que transmiten el SARS-CoV-2 / Methodology for evaluating the level of respiratory protection of masks and respirators against particles similar to those that transmit SARS-CoV-2

RESUMEN Objetivo: Desarrollar una metodología para evaluar el nivel de protección respiratoria de respiradores, mascarillas quirúrgicas y mascarillas comunitarias que usa la población peruana, usando partículas de un tamaño similar a las que contienen al virus activo del SARS-CoV-2. Materiales y métodos: Se ha determinado una relación lineal directa entre el logaritmo de la concentración de partículas suspendidas en aire y el tiempo transcurrido; por lo cual es posible comparar la cantidad de partículas internas y externas a la mascarilla o respirador en un mismo periodo y conocer el porcentaje de protección respiratoria de cada muestra evaluada. Resultados: Se ha logrado implementar una metodología para evaluar el nivel de protección respiratoria ante aerosoles menores a 5,0 µm. Asimismo, el empleo de accesorios como ligas o ajustadores detrás de cabeza y nuca, y el uso de clips nasales robustos, incrementan significativamente el nivel de protección respiratoria ante partículas con alta probabilidad de contener al SARS-CoV-2. Conclusiones: Se observa una concordancia entre los valores de protección respiratoria obtenidos y los esperados, considerando el nivel de filtración del material empleado de cada mascarilla quirúrgica o respirador, y su nivel de ajuste. Se observó un incremento significativo en los niveles de protección respiratoria.

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop a methodology for evaluating the level of respiratory protection provided by respirators, surgical masks and community face masks used by the Peruvian population; protection was evaluated against particles of a size similar to those containing active SARS-CoV-2 virus. Materials and methods: A direct linear relationship has been determined between the logarithm of the concentration of airborne particles and the elapsed time; thus, it is possible to compare the quantity of particles inside and outside of the mask or respirator in the same time period, as well as to obtain the percentage of respiratory protection for each evaluated sample. Results: A methodology was established to evaluate the level of respiratory protection against aerosols smaller than 5.0 μm. Also, the use of accessories such as rubber bands or adjusters behind the head and neck, and the use of robust nasal clips, significantly increased the level of respiratory protection against particles with a high probability of containing SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: We found concordance between the obtained respiratory protection values and those expected, considering the filtration level of the material used for each surgical mask or respirator, as well as the tightness. A significant increase in the levels of respiratory protection was observed.

Diagnostic and therapeutic endonasal rhinologic procedures generating aerosol during COVID-19 pandemic: a systematized review / Procedimentos endonasais de rinologia diagnósticos e terapêuticos geradores de aerossóis durante a pandemia de Covid-19: uma revisão sistematizada,

Abstract Introduction Most rhinologic procedures, particularly endoscopic sinonasal procedures, are liable to produce aerosols. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Co V-2) transmits via respiratory droplets, but the degree of its spread through airborne routes by aerosol is unclear. Objective The aim of this article is to counsel rhinologists on how to modify their conventional practice during the COVID-19 pandemic by prioritising the need of procedures, identifying aerosol- generating procedures and using precise personal protection equipment for various endonasal procedures. Methods We did a review of articles indexed for MEDLINE on PubMed, ENT Cochrane, DOAJ and Web of Science databases using the keywords nasal endoscopy, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, aerosol generating medical procedures and rhinology to formulate guidelines for the safety of healthcare workers. Results The review included evidence from 28 articles from the otorhinolaryngology, surgery, infectious disease, head and neck surgery and cancer biology literature. We have provided recommendations and relevant information for rhinologists during the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the available studies and data, to warrant high-quality patient care and requisite levels of infection prevention during rhinology procedures. Conclusion In rhinology, marked care is advised during nasal packing, electrocauterisation and use of high-speed rotating devices in potentially infected tissue as they are considerable aerosol- producing procedures. The choice of personal protective equipment is based on the risk of exposure and possible modes of aerosol generation.

Resumo Introdução A maioria dos procedimentos rinológicos, principalmente os procedimentos endoscópicos nasossinusais, é suscetível à produção de aerossóis. A síndrome respiratória aguda grave coronavírus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) é transmitida através de gotículas respiratórias, mas o grau de sua disseminação através de aerossóis por via aérea não é claro. Objetivos Orientar os rinologistas sobre como modificar sua prática convencional durante a pandemia de Covid-19, priorizar a necessidade de procedimentos, identificar procedimentos geradores de aerossol e usar equipamento de proteção individual de precisão para vários procedimentos endonasais. Método Fizemos uma revisão de artigos indexados na Medline por meio das bases de dados PubMed, ENT Cochrane, DOAJ e Web of Science, com as palavras-chave nasal endoscopy, SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, aerosol-generating medical procedures e rhinology para formular diretrizes para a segurança dos profissionais de saúde. Resultados A revisão incluiu evidências de 28 artigos de otorrinolaringologia, cirurgia, doenças infecciosas, cirurgia de cabeça e pescoço e biologia do câncer. Fornecemos recomendações e informações relevantes para rinologistas durante a pandemia de Covid-19, com base nos estudos e dados disponíveis, para garantir atendimento de alta qualidade ao paciente e níveis necessários de prevenção da infecção durante procedimentos de rinologia. Conclusões Em rinologia, recomenda-se cuidado acentuado durante o tamponamento nasal, eletrocauterização e uso de dispositivos rotativos de alta velocidade em tecidos potencialmente infectados, pois esses procedimentos são consideráveis produtores de aerossóis. A escolha do equipamento de proteção individual é baseada no risco de exposição e nos possíveis modos de geração de aerossol.

Manejo de aerossóis durante a pandemia da COVID-19 / Aerosol management during the COVID-19 pandemic / Manejo de aerosol durante la pandemia COVID-19

Objetivo: Descrever o processo de prototipação de um dispositivo de filtragem para manejo de aerossóis em procedimentos laparoscópicos durante a pandemia do coronavírus SARS-CoV-2. Método: Estudo descritivo, tipo relato de experiência sobre o protótipo de dispositivo de filtragem para manejo de aerossóis em laparoscopia durante a pandemia de COVID-19 pelo SARS-CoV-2, com base nos processos de imersão, ideação e prototipação do design thinking. Resultados: Os processos de imersão preliminar e profunda permitiram a abordagem do problema. A utilização do mapa mental proporcionou a identificação dos fatores relacionados às suspensões de cirurgias em decorrência do SARS-CoV-2. Pelas medidas do aspirador das salas cirúrgicas, idealizaram-se os recursos materiais necessários: extensor de aspiração, filtro bacteriológico e viral, conector e ponteira. Conclusão: O dispositivo para filtragem do dióxido de carbono do pneumoperitônio obteve boa aceitação da equipe cirúrgica e foi incorporado à rotina do setor durante a realização de cirurgias laparoscópicas.

Objective: To describe the prototyping process of a filtration device for aerosol management in laparoscopic procedures during the SARSCoV-2 coronavirus pandemic. Method: Descriptive study with the report of experience on the prototype filter device for aerosol management in laparoscopy during the SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 pandemic, based on immersion, ideation and design thinking prototyping processes. Results: Preliminary and deep immersion processes allowed the problem to be addressed. The use of a mental map helped to identify factors related to surgery suspensions due to the SARS-CoV-2. Based on the measurements of the operating room aspirator, the necessary material resources were idealized: suction extender, bacteriological and viral filter, connector and tip. Conclusion: The device for filtering carbon dioxide from the pneumoperitoneum was well accepted by the surgical team and incorporated into the sector's routine for laparoscopic surgeries.

Objetivo: Describir el proceso de prototipado de un dispositivo de filtración para el manejo de aerosol en procedimientos laparoscópicos durante la pandemia de Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Método: Estudio descriptivo, un relato de experiencia sobre el prototipo de dispositivo de filtrado para el manejo de aerosol en laparoscopia durante la pandemia de COVID-19 por SARS-CoV-2, a partir de los procesos de inmersión, ideación y prototipado del Design Thinking. Resultados: Los procesos de inmersión profunda y preliminar permitieron abordar el problema. El uso del Mapa Mental permitió identificar los factores relacionados con la suspensión de cirugías debido al SARS-CoV-2. A partir de las mediciones del aspirador de las salas quirúrgicas, se idearon los recursos materiales necesarios: extensor de aspiración, filtro bacteriológico y viral, conector y férula. Conclusión: El dispositivo para filtrar dióxido de carbono del neumoperitoneo obtuvo buena aceptación por parte del equipo quirúrgico y fue incorporado a la rutina del sector durante las cirugías laparoscópicas.

Revisión de cirugía laparoscópica durante la pandemia por COVID-19 / Laparoscopic surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic a review

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has changed the management protocols of the different surgical areas and practices of health institutions around the world. The countries most affected by the disease have reported an alarming impact on the number of infected and deceased by COVID-19 among health workers. Personnel specialized in airway management have a greater risk of contagion when directly exposed to the aerosolization of the virus. This leads us to consider the probability of postponing or restricting procedures due to limited resources and/or due to patient conditions that increase the risk of death, given that the usual surgical techniques generate more aerosols. This narrative review article aims to analyze the risk of contamination of professionals in laparoscopic surgery of patients infected by COVID-19, proposing strategies to minimize the risk of exposure, identifying the necessary protection measures for health professionals, providing recommendations and adaptations of both the surgical technique and the organization of the operating room according to clinical and scientific evidence.

La pandemia por el SARS-CoV-2 ha cambiado los protocolos de manejo de las distintas áreas y prácticas quirúrgicas de las instituciones de salud en el mundo. Los países con mayor afectación de la enfermedad han reportado un impacto alarmante sobre el número de infectados y fallecidos por COVID-19 entre trabajadores de la salud. El personal especializado en el manejo de la vía aérea, posee un mayor riesgo de contagio al exponerse directamente a la aerosolización del virus. Esto conlleva a considerar la probabilidad de posponer o restringir procedimientos por limitación de los recursos y/o por condiciones del paciente que aumenten el riesgo de muerte, dado que las técnicas quirúrgicas habituales generan más aerosoles. Este artículo, de revisión narrativa, pretende analizar el riesgo de contaminación de los profesionales en cirugía laparoscópica de pacientes infectados por COVID-19, proponiendo estrategias para minimizar el riesgo de exposición, identificando las medidas necesarias de protección para los profesionales de la salud, aportando recomendaciones y adaptaciones tanto de la técnica quirúrgica como de la organización del quirófano según la evidencia clínica y científica

Mecanismos y vías relevantes en la transmisión de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 / Relevant mechanisms and pathways in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Introducción: se denomina SARS-CoV-2 al tipo de betacoronavirus causante de la COVID-19, la cual se ha expandido rápidamente en el mundo y ha generado una emergencia en salud pública. Diferentes causas pueden explicar este comportamiento, como el tipo de transmisión, que ha sido motivo de debate con diferentes posiciones respecto a la implicación del aerosol y las vías extrapulmonares. El objetivo de este artículo es consolidar información sobre los diferentes mecanismos y vías de transmisión del SARS-CoV-2. Metodología: se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura por medio de una búsqueda sistemática en bases de datos como Pubmed, Embase, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, centro de registros Cochrane de ensayos controlados (CENTRAL) y Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS), con términos DeCS como "transmisión", "aerosol" y "betacoronavirus". Al aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, así como lectura crítica con herramienta CASPe, se seleccionaron 31 artículos. Resultados: la propagación del virus se presenta por contacto con gotas, fómites y aerolización, lo que favorece la contaminación del aire y su permanencia incluso hasta ocho horas, siendo esto lo que propaga la enfermedad. La presentación de vías sanguínea y oral-fecal no es frecuente, pero en casos como la realización de procedimientos o el requerimiento transfusional toman relevancia y se deben tomar medidas. Conclusiones: se debe considerar a todos los pacientes como potenciales transmisores, así como la inducción mecánica de aerosoles y la autoinducida, sin requerir una manipulación vigorosa de la vía aérea para la aerolización y transmisión del virus. También se deben tener en cuenta las medidas para el manejo del medio y la posibilidad de transmisión por la vía extrapulmonar, como la vía sanguínea y orofecal.

Introduction: The type of betacoronavirus that causes the disease COVID-19 is called SARS-CoV-2, it has presented a rapid expansion worldwide, currently generating a public health emergency. Different causes can explain this behavior, such as the type of transmission, which has been debated, with different positions regarding the involvement of aerosol and extrapulmonary pathways. Objective: Consolidate information of the different mechanisms and transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2. Methodology: A narrative review of the literature was carried out with a systematic search in databases such as Pubmed, Embase, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, CENTRAL and Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS). With MeSH terms "Transmission", "Aerosol", "Betacoronavirus" applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as critical reading with the CASPe tool, 31 articles were selected. Results: The transmission of the virus occurs by contact with drops, fomites and aerosolization, favoring air infection and its permanence even up to 8 hours, being a propagator of the disease. The transmission by blood and fecal contact, is not frequent, but in cases such as performing procedures or requiring a transfusion, are relevant and measures must be taken. Conclusions: All patients should be considered potential transmitting and both mechanical and self-induced aerosol induction should be considered, without requiring an important manipulation of the airway for virus aerosolization and transmission. The measures for the management of the environment must be considered, as well as the possibility of transmission by extrapulmonary route, such as blood and orofecal route.

Desarrollo de una máscara de bajo costo para prevenir la propagación de aerosoles en endoscopia endonasal en la base del cráneo durante la pandemia del COVID-19 / Development of a low-price mask to prevent spread of aerosols during endoscopic endonasal spread of aerosols during endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery in the COVID-19 pandemicskull base surgery in the COVID-19 pandemicArtículo de investigación ISSN: 0121-7372 • ISSN electrónico: 2462-991X

Objetivo: desarrollar una máscara que sea reutilizable, esterilizable, fácil de usar y económica para reducir los riesgos de transmisión del COVID-19 durante los procedimientos endoscópicos endonasales. Métodos: modelo diseñado en Autodesk Fusion 360 y Meshmixer, construido con ácido poliláctico (PLA) utilizando una impresora 3D (PRUSA IK3 MK3s, Praga, República Checa) en el laboratorio de Anatomía de la Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia. Se ajustaron tres orificios a la mascarilla, uno para el tubo endotraqueal, otro más grande en el medio para la instrumentación quirúrgica que permite la adaptación de una membrana translúcida estéril y el superior para adaptar la punta de la succión y generar un ambiente de presión negativa dentro de la máscara. Se utilizó un colchón de silicona y tres puntos para sujetar tiras y crear un ajuste a la cabeza durante largos períodos sin causar lesiones en la piel. Se realizaron diferentes pruebas, incluida la verificación con luz ultravioleta de la propagación de la fluoresceína después de la perforación ósea, la esterilización química y por calor de la máscara, y la succión de los aerosoles producidos al fumar un cigarrillo electrónico. Ambiente: laboratorio experimental. Resultados: las pruebas demostraron una reducción del efecto aerosol y de la dispersión de las gotas cuando se usa la máscara ventilada. Se consiguió una excelente maniobrabilidad y libertad. Sin embargo, fue limitado en términos de visualización durante la entrada nasal de los instrumentos al cráneo. Conclusiones: los resultados preliminares muestran que esta máscara ventilada permite una barrera quirúrgica para disminuir la transmisión del SARS-COV-2 durante los procedimientos endoscópicos endonasales.

Objective: to develop a reusable, sterilizable, easy- to-use and low-price mask to reduce the risks of COVID-19 transmission during endonasal endoscopic procedures. Methods: a model designed using Autodesk Fusion 360 and Meshier software, made from polylactic acid (PLA) in a 3D printer (PRUSA IK3 MK3s, Prague, Czech Republic) at the anatomy laboratory of Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia. It features three ports, one to allow passage of intubation tubing, a larger middle port for surgical tool insertion, which allows fitting a sterile translucent membrane, and an upper port for the suction tube tip to create a negative pressure environment inside the mask. A silicone cushion and three ties secure the mask to the head for long periods of time without skin injuries. Various tests were completed, ultraviolet light verification of fluorescein propagation after bone drilling, chemical and vapor sterilization, and aerosols filtration using smoke produced by an electronic cigarette. Setting: an experimental laboratory. Results: Tests showed the mask decreased aerosol effect and droplet dispersion, and allowed for excellent maneuverability and freedom. However, the mask was limited in terms of visualization during nasal approaches to the skull. Conclusions: preliminary results show that this ventilated mask allows for a surgical barrier for reducing SARS-COV-2 transmission during endonasal endoscopic procedures.

Tuberculose cutânea forma escrofuloderma: relato de caso / Scrofuloderma-shaped cutaneous tuberculosis: case report

Introdução: A tuberculose (TB) é uma doença infecciosa causada pela bactéria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, transmitida a partir da via aérea de pacientes com a forma pulmonar ou laríngea, que atinge cerca de 10 milhões de pessoas no mundo por ano. A forma pulmonar é a mais comum, sendo a TB cutânea responsável por 1,5% dos casos. Descrição do caso: Paciente 58 anos, masculino, apresentando síndrome consumptiva e abscessos em flanco direito, região pré-esternal e hemitórax direito há 60 dias, sem febre ou outros sintomas associados. Ao exame, apresentava lesão fibroelástica com aspecto similar a escrofuloderma. Análise histopatológica evidenciou processo inflamatório inespecífico sem sinais de malignidade. Cultura para fungos negativa e houve positivação da cultura para M. tuberculosis. Discussão: A TB cutânea é uma forma de apresentação rara de TB. Sua forma escrofuloderma é a mais observada em países em desenvolvimento. A lesão do escrofuloderma pode ser única ou múltipla. Todo paciente deve ser submetido a pesquisa de foco de TB subjacente, sendo a coexistência com um processo pulmonar ativo relativamente comum. O tratamento da TB cutânea inclui medidas gerais e terapia farmacológica por seis meses. Conclusão: A tuberculose continua sendo uma doença prevalente em todo mundo. O Brasil está entre os 30 países de alta carga de TB, considerados como prioritários no mundo para controle da doença pela OMS. Nesse contexto, reconhecer as formas de apresentação da doença se torna cada vez mais importante. Devemos sempre nos lembrar da TB como um diagnóstico diferencial em nosso meio.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, transmitted from the airways of patients with pulmonary or laryngeal forms, which affects around 10 million people worldwide each year. The pulmonary form is the most common, with cutaneous TB responsible for 1.5% of cases. Case description: A 58-year-old male patient, with consumptive syndrome and abscesses on the right flank, pre-sternal region and right hemithorax for 60 days, without fever or other associated symptoms. Upon physical examination, he presented fibroelastic lesion with an aspect similar to scrofuloderma. Histopathological analysis showed a nonspecific inflammatory process with no signs of malignancy. Culture for bacteria and fungi were negatives, while the culture for M. tuberculosis was positive. Discussion: Cutaneous TB is a rare form of TB. Its scrofuloderma form is the most observed in developing countries. The scrofuloderma lesion can be single or multiple. In every single patient, the underlying TB focus survey should be performed, coexistence with an active pulmonary process being relatively common. The cutaneous TB treatment includes general measures and pharmacological therapy for six months. Conclusion: Tuberculosis remains a prevalent disease worldwide. Brazil is among the 30 countries with a high TB load, considered as priorities in the world for the control of the disease by WHO. In this context, recognizing the forms of presentation of the disease becomes increasingly important. We must always remember TB as a differential diagnosis in our environment.

Repensar el currículo para responder a esta y a futuras pandemias / Repensar el currículo para responder a esta y a futuras pandemias

Hace ya un año inició la circulación del SARS-Cov-2 y el listado de sus consecuencias aún sigue en aumento. La enseñanza y el ejercicio de la odontología, igual que sucedió tras la pandemia por el VIH en los años 80, no serán iguales después de la pandemia por la COVID-19. No obstante, a la hora de los balances, no tengo dudas que la profesión saldrá fortalecida. La Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) clasificó el riesgo al que los odontólogos como profesionales están expuestos en una categoría de muy alto, debido a su exposición potencial al SARS-Cov-2 cuando se realizan procedimientos que generan aerosoles (1). Si este es el caso de profesionales que teóricamente ya cuentan con la formación necesaria para realizar el manejo del riesgo, se podría esperar un riesgo mayor para los estudiantes de odontología, los cuales, además de estar aún en proceso de formación, desarrollan sus actividades académicas en ambientes que no siempre cuentan con las condiciones de infraestructura para poder hacer un adecuado control del riesgo. Pero

COVID-19: Perspectives on the Pandemic and its Incidence in Dentistry / COVID-19: Perspectivas sobre la pandemia y su incidencia en odontología

Abstract In December 2019, a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) presenting with pneumonia emerged in Wuhan, China. The ongoing spread of COVID-19 worldwide is creating enormous uncertainty. In particular, the dental profession is facing a major challenge. Due to the characteristics of dental settings, the risk of cross-infection is elevated between patients and dental staff. The present review aimed to briefly discuss the overview of the disease, including the basic science, epidemiology, symptoms, routes of transmission and several topics that the authors believe are binding and relevant to the dental practice. The guidelines adopted by governments and international organizations also address all dental associations to protect the health of the community and to contain the spread of COVID-19 infection until a vaccine or an effective/validated treatment becomes available.

Resumen En diciembre del 2019, surgió una nueva enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) que se presentó como una neumonía con etiología desconocida en Wuhan, China. La propagación continua de COVID-19 en todo el mundo está creando una enorme incertidumbre. En particular, la profesión dental se enfrenta a un gran desafío. Debido a las características de los consultorios dentales, el riesgo de infección cruzada es elevado entre los pacientes y el personal. La presente revisión tuvo como objetivo discutir brevemente la visión general de la enfermedad, incluyendo conceptos de ciencia básica, la epidemiología, vías de transmisión, síntomas y varios temas que los autores consideran vinculantes y relevantes para la práctica dental. Las directrices adoptadas por los gobiernos y las organizaciones internacionales también involucran a todas las asociaciones dentales para proteger la salud de la comunidad y contener la propagación de la infección por COVID-19 hasta que una vacuna o un tratamiento eficaz/validado esté disponible.

Los Aerosoles Dentales a Propósito de la Pandemia por COVID-19 / Dental Aerosols in the Context of COVID-19 Pandemic

RESUMEN: La pandemia por COVID-19 ha hecho que la atención odontológica de rutina se suspenda. La causa principal es el pobre control del aerosol en la consulta dental. Los aerosoles liberados por el instrumental odontológico son esenciales para la remoción de los tejidos bucales enfermos. Sin embargo, al mezclarse con saliva o sangre contaminada, los aerosoles pueden diseminar microorganismos infectivos fuera de la boca del paciente. Existe evidencia de que el SARS-CoV-2 se encuentra en la saliva del 91,7 % de los sujetos enfermos. Este artículo presenta evidencias y reflexiones para el control del aerosol odontológico, las que podrían permitir aumentar la seguridad del ejercicio de la odontología durante la pandemia y pospandemia.

ABSTRACT: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused routine dental check-ups to be cancelled. The main cause is poor aerosol control in the dental office. Aerosols released by dental instruments are essential for the removal of diseased oral tissues. However, when mixed with saliva or contaminated blood, aerosols can spread infectious microorganisms out of the patient's mouth. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in the self-collected saliva of 91.7 % of patients. This article presents evidence and reflections for the control of dental aerosol, which could allow increasing the safety of dental practice during the pandemic and post-pandemic.

Low Cost Equipment with Compressor System and Balanced Pressure to Protect the Professional Dentist Against Contaminated Aerosol During COVID-19 Pandemic / Equipo de Bajo Costo con Sistema de Compresor y Presión Equilibrada para Proteger al Dentista Profesional Contra el Aerosol Contaminado Durante la Pandemia COVID-19

ABSTRACT: During the current coronavirus epidemic, personal protective equipment has become a vital issue. Depending on the procedure, the generation of aerosols increases the risk of infection for healthcare professionals. However, in dentistry, there is a high risk of contamination from blood or tissue fluids, generated in surgical procedures with ultrason ic and high-speed cutting devices. Thus, the creation of a prototype with a functional respiratory protection system offers filtered air at the entrance and exit of the circuit, also benefiting the patient. This experimental and unprecedented air purification system has 99.9 % high efficiency filters, positive and negative pressure control and also generates an internal balance of air flow; its purpose is to maintain the facial seal of the snorkel mask. The results showed that this air purificat ion system could be an option in environments contaminated by aerosol caused by rotary intruments in dentistry.

RESUMEN: Durante la actual epidemia de coronavirus, el equipo de protección personal se ha convertido en un problema vital. Dependiendo del procedimiento, la generación de aerosoles aumenta el riesgo de infección para los profesionales de la salud. Sin embargo, en odontología, existe un alto riesgo de contaminación por sangre o fluidos tisulares, generados en procedimientos quirúrgicos con dispositivos de corte ultrasónicos y de alta velocidad. Por lo tanto, la creación de un prototipo con un sistema funcional de protección respiratoria ofrece aire filtrado a la entrada y salida del circuito, lo que también beneficia al paciente. Este sistema de purificación de aire experimental y sin precedentes tiene 99.9 % de filtros de alta eficiencia, control de presión positiva y negativa y también genera un equilibrio interno del flujo de aire; Su propósito es mantener el sello facial de la máscara de snorkel. Los resultados mostraron que este sistema de purificación de aire podría ser una opción en ambientes contaminados por aerosoles causados por instrumentos rotativos en odontología.